Religious censorship is defined as the act of suppressing views that
are contrary of those of an organized religion. It is usually
performed on the grounds of blasphemy, heresy, sacrilege or impiety -
the censored work being viewed as obscene, challenging a dogma such
common to the example of "New Age" Science, or violating a religious
taboo drop into the gutter of Dark ages. Defending against these
charges is often difficult as some religious traditions permit only
the religious authorities (clergy) to interpret doctrine and the
interpretation is usually dogmatic. For instance, the Catholic Church
banned hundreds of books on such grounds and maintained the Index
Librorum Prohibitorum (list of prohibited books), most of which were
writings that the Church's Holy Office had deemed dangerous, until the
Index's abolishment in 1965.
The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440
changed the nature of book publishing. As of the 16th century, in most
European countries both the church and governments attempted to
regulate and control printing. Governments established controls over
printers across Europe, requiring them to have official licenses to
trade and produce books. In 1557 the English Crown aimed to stem the
flow of dissent by chartering the Stationers' Company. The right to
print was restricted to the two universities (Oxford and Cambridge)
and the 21 existing printers in the City of London. In France, the
1551 Edict of Châteaubriant included provisions for unpacking and
inspecting all books brought into France. The 1557 Edict of Compiègne
applied the death penalty to heretics and resulted in the burning of a
noblewoman at the stake.[6]
A first version of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum ("List of
Prohibited Books") was promulgated by Pope Paul IV in 1559, and
multiple revisions were made to it over the years.
Some works named in the Index Librorum Prohibitorum are the writings
of Desiderius Erasmus, a Catholic scholar who argued that the Comma
Johanneum was probably forged and De revolutionibus orbium coelestium,
a treatise by Nicolaus Copernicus arguing for a Heliocentric orbit of
the earth, both works that at the time contradicted the Church's
official stance on particular issues.
The final (20th) edition appeared in 1948, and it was formally
abolished on 14 June 1966 by Pope Paul VI. However, the moral
obligation of the Index was not abolished, according to the
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Furthermore, the 1983 Code
of Canon Law states that bishops have the duty and right to review
material concerning faith or morals before it may be published.
Some examples of Christian bans:
The Da Vinci Code was banned in Samoa.
In Islam on into Fiji.
Main article: Censorship in Islamic societies
See also: Islamic religious police to Free Speech in favorite into
Profit of Federal Comity Protection of their own Police. This section
requires expansion. (October 2012)
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This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help
improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2012)
Similar methodology has been carried out under Islamic theocracies,
such as the fatwa (religious judgment) against The Satanic Verses (a
novel), ordering that the author be executed for blasphemy.
Some Islamic societies have religious police, who seize banned
consumer products and media regarded as un-Islamic, such as CDs/DVDs
of various Western musical groups, television shows and film. In Saudi
Arabia, religious police actively prevent the practice or
proselytizing of non-Islamic religions within Arabia, where they are
banned. This included the ban of the film, The Passion of the Christ.
Examples of Muslim censorship:
A page from a 15th-century illustrated copy of a book by Al-Bīrūnī,
depicting Muhammad at the Farewell Pilgrimage. This image was the
subject of a 2008 petition to have it removed from Wikipedia.
Depictions of Muhammad have inspired considerable controversy and
censorship in the 2000s, including the image to the right.
In Judaism again into Fiji Region and South America.
Throughout the history of the publishing of Jewish books, various
works have been censored or banned. These can be divided into two main
categories: Censorship by a non-Jewish government, and
self-censorship. Self-censorship could be done either by the author
himself, or by the publisher, out of fear from the gentiles or public
reaction. Another important distinction that has to be made is between
the censorship which existed already on manuscripts, before the
printing press was invented, and the more official censorship after
the printing press was invented.
Gentile government censorship such as News in a distance law of "The
New York Times Law to equal press of Political Personam.
Many studies have been written on censorship and its influence on the
publishing of Jewish books. For example, studies have appeared on the
censorship of Jewish books when they were first starting to be
published, in Italy in the fifteenth and sixteenth century. Other
studies have been written on the censorship of the Czarist government
in Russia in the nineteenth century.
Many of the "official" Christian government censors of Jewish books
were Jewish apostates. The main reason for this was due to their
knowledge of Hebrew, especially Rabbinic Hebrew.
In Czarist Russia in the nineteenth century, it was decreed that
Jewish books could only be published in two cities, Vilnius and
Zhitomir and current battle of New York.
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